Thursday, December 10, 2015

The ultimate revenge?

Anyone who follows daily news will have been alarmed by reports of rising antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Bacteria containing the MCR-1 gene, resistant to every known antibiotic, have been discovered in China and Denmark, giving rise to predictions of a massive rise in mortality in sick people. How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics considered 'strong' by humans? We have to remember that humans, or Homo sapiens, have been around for a maximum of 200,000 years while bacteria have been around for over 3 billion years. How do bacteria become resistant? Some maybe naturally resistant, and these strains take over when the susceptible ones are killed by antibiotics. Others may develop resistance through genetic mutations and still others pass resistance genes between each other. While we can transfer genetic material from one species to another only in very high-tech labs bacteria can transfer resistance genes to a completely different species, for instance from E coli to Klebsiella, naturally. Clever little blighters. In 2013 there were 480,000 new cases of Multi Drug Resistant tuberculosis in the world and 100 countries have reported Extreme Drug Resistance. The sexually transmitted bacteria, the gonococcus, has developed resistance to almost all drugs used in its treatment. Doctors are told not to prescribe antibiotics unnecessarily, for instance in viral infections, and to prescribe the right dose so as to prevent resistance developing. Our government is to issue guidelines so as to restrict prescription of antibiotics by doctors. It would be laudable if it were honest. Surely, pharmaceutical companies have a lot to gain by discovering new molecules to treat infections? Turns out that there has been no significant discovery in half a century. Why? Because it is expensive to find new molecules, they maybe be open to court cases in case there are side effects and their main sales are not from humans from but from animals. Vast amounts of antibiotics are used in animal farming, often in sub-therapeutic doses to prevent infections and promote growth. Apparently, 12,000 tons of Colistin, used as a last resort in humans, is used annually in livestock. Antibiotics are also used in salmon farming. No one can stop them because farmers are 'vote bank' in India and in every other country in the world. While human doctors are regularly lectured on restricting the use of antibiotics veterinary doctors are not. Dogs affected by Parvovirus are treated with Ceftriaxone+Tazobactam, used to treat serious meningitis in humans, Piperacillin+Tazobactam, used to treat the dangerous Pseudomonas, gentamycin, used for gram negative bacteria, and metronidazole, used for amoebiasis. We are super predators and animals are helpless but we maybe wiped out by resistant bacteria due to animals. The ultimate revenge. Ironic.

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